AWS Replaces Fat-Tree Data Center Networks with Random Graph Theory, Cutting Routers by 69%
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AWS's radical data center network redesign is a landmark infrastructure shift with huge strategic impact.
AWS has deployed Resilient Network Graphs (RNG) based on quasi-random graph theory as the default network topology for new non-GPU data centers, marking the first large-scale production use of expander-based fabrics. This eliminates the fat-tree hierarchy, cutting routers by 69%, boosting throughput up to 33%, and reducing network power consumption by 40%. The architecture relies on ShuffleBox, a passive optical device that creates random logical connectivity without latency or power, and Spraypoint, a custom distributed protocol that sprays traffic across multiple paths to handle the lack of hierarchy.